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Saadat Hasan Manto (; , ; 11 May 1912 – 18 January 1955) was a Pakistani writer, playwright and author considered among the greatest writers of short stories in South Asian history. He produced 22 collections of short stories, 1 novel, 5 series of radio plays, 3 collections of essays, 2 collections of personal sketches〔(Saadat Hassan Manto ) Author detail at penguinbooksindia.〕 and his best short stories are held in high esteem by writers and critics. Manto was tried for obscenity six times; thrice before 1947 in British India, and thrice after independence in 1947 in Pakistan, but never convicted.〔 ==Writings== Manto chronicled the chaos that prevailed, during and after the Partition of India in 1947.〔〔(Saadat Hassan Manto ) Author Profile at boloji, Retrieved 12 August 2015〕 He started his literary career translating work of literary giants, such as Victor Hugo, Oscar Wilde and Russian writers such as Chekhov and Gorky. His first story was "Tamasha", based on the Jallianwala Bagh massacre at Amritsar.〔(Early Years ) Biography Sharad Dutt, BBC Hindi, Retrieved 12 August 2015〕 Though his earlier works, influenced by the progressive writers of his times,〔〔,(Digital South Asia Library ) Mahfil. v 1, V. 1 ( 1963) p. 12., Retrieved 12 August 2015〕 showed a marked leftist and socialist leanings, his later work progressively became stark in portraying the darkness of the human psyche, as humanist values progressively declined around the Partition. His final works, which grew from the social climate and his own financial struggles, reflected an innate sense of human impotency towards darkness and contained a satirism that verged on dark comedy, as seen in his final work, Toba Tek Singh.〔(GREAT MINDS ) The Tribune, 19 March 2000.〕 It not only showed the influence of his own demons, but also that of the collective madness that he saw in the ensuing decade of his life. To add to it, his numerous court cases and societal rebukes deepened his cynical view of society, from which he felt isolated.〔(Memories of Manto, Friday Times ) Khalid Hassan, 2002.〕 No part of human existence remained untouched or taboo for him, he sincerely brought out stories of prostitutes and pimps alike, just as he highlighted the subversive sexual slavery of the women of his times.〔(Seminar papers ) The Annual of Urdu Studies, Vol. 11, 1996.〕 To many contemporary women writers, his language portrayed reality and provided them with the dignity they long deserved.〔(He presented women as humans ) Nasira Sharma, BBC Hindi, 2005, 12 August 2015〕 He is still known for his scathing insight into human behaviour as well as revelation of the macabre animalistic nature of an enraged people, that stands out amidst the brevity of his prose.〔 Saadat Hasan Manto is often compared with D. H. Lawrence, partly because he wrote about taboos of Indo-Pakistani Society.〔(Rajendra Yadav quote ) BBC Hindi, 2005.〕 His concerns on the socio-political issues, from local to global are revealed in his series, Letters to Uncle Sam, and those to Pandit Nehru.〔 On his writing he often commented, "If you find my stories dirty, the society you are living in is dirty. With my stories, I only expose the truth".〔(Manto on his writing ) BBC Hindi, 2005.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Saadat Hasan Manto」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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